Enfermedad del desgaste en praderas de Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) y su relación con el perfil metabólico / Wasting disease in Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) meadows and its relationship with metabolic profile

Resumen Introducción: Los protistas del género Labyrinthula causan la denominada "Enfermedad del desgaste" en el pasto marino, Thalassia testudinum. Desde el 2008 los monitoreos en el Caribe colombiano han mostrado variación espacial y temporal en la incidencia de la enfermedad, pero sin la alta mortalidad observada en otras regiones del mundo. Objetivo: Analizar algunos parámetros epidemiológicos en T. testudinum y comparar metabolitos entre plantas sanas e infectadas. Métodos: Registramos la severidad, incidencia y prevalencia de esta enfermedad en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona e Isla de Providencia, y analizamos muestras de agua y sedimentos. Además, aplicamos cromatografía líquida y de gases, junto con espectrometría de masas, a extractos metanólicos de muestras de hojas y rizomas de brotes sanos e infectados. Resultados: Las praderas se encontraban en buen estado, a pesar de la escasez de brotes de fanerógamas marinas en Tayrona y una alta incidencia (15 %) y severidad (355 %) de la enfermedad en Providencia. Las plantas infectadas tenían niveles más bajos de fenoles, flavonoides y azúcares. Las flavonas sulfatadas con aglicona luteolina y diosmetina, los esteroles (sitosterol y estigmasterol) y las oxilipinas volátiles se acumularon en las hojas (3-hidroxi-2-isopentanona) y los ácidos isopentanoico y octadecatrienoico en los rizomas. Conclusiones: Estos pastos marinos colombianos tienen producción diferencial de metabolitos. Probablemente como una defensa exitosa, aún a niveles bajos de severidad (0.1 %) e incidencia (1 %) de la enfermedad.

Abstract Introduction: Protists of the genus Labyrinthula cause the so-called "Wasting Disease" in seagrass, Thalassia testudinum. Monitoring in the Colombian Caribbean since 2008 has shown spatial and temporal variation in the disease's incidence, but without the high mortality observed in other regions of the world. Objective: To analyze some epidemiological parameters in T. testudinum and to compare metabolites between healthy and infected plants. Methods: We recorded severity, incidence and prevalence of this disease in Tayrona National Natural Park and Providencia Island, and we analyze water and sediment samples. Additionally, we applied gas and liquid chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry, to methanolic extracts from leaf and rhizome samples of healthy and infected shoots. Results: The meadows were in good condition, despite the scarce seagrass shoots in Tayrona and a high incidence (15 %) and severity (35.5 %) of the disease in Providencia. Infected plants had lower levels of phenols, flavonoids and sugars. Sulphated flavones with aglycone luteolin and diosmetin, sterols (sitosterol and stigmasterol) and volatile oxylipins are accumulated in leaves (3-hydroxy-2-isopentanone) and isopentaenoic and octadecatrienoic acids in rhizomes. Conclusions: These Colombian seagrasses have differential production of metabolites. Probably as a successful defense, even at low levels of severity (0.1 %) and incidence (1 %) of the disease.

The dynamic metabolic profile of Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction in rat urine using UPLC-QTOF-MSE coupled with a post-targeted screening strategy / 药物分析学报

Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction(QYSLD)is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been clinically used in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC)for more than 20 years.However,to date,metabolic-related studies on QYSLD have not been performed.In this study,a post-targeted screening strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight full infor-mation tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-QTOF-MSE)was developed to identify QYSLD-related xeno-biotics in rat urine.The chemical compound database of QYSLD constituents was established from previous research,and metabolites related to these compounds were predicted in combination with their possible metabolic pathways.The metabolites were identified by extracted ion chromatograms using predicted m/z values as well as retention time,excimer ions,and fragmentation behavior.Overall,85 QYSLD-related xenobiotics(20 prototype compounds and 65 metabolites)were characterized from rat urine.The main metabolic reactions and elimination features of QYSLD included oxidation,reduction,decarboxylation,hydrolysis,demethylation,glucuronidation,sulfation,methylation,deglycosylation,acetylation,and associated combination reactions.Of the identified molecules,14 prototype compounds and 58 metabolites were slowly eliminated,thus accumulating in vivo over an extended period,while five prototypes and two metabolites were present in vivo for a short duration.Furthermore,one pro-totype and five metabolites underwent the process of"appearing-disappearing-reappearing"in vivo.Overall,the metabolic profile and characteristics of QYSLD in rat urine were determined,which is useful in elucidating the active components of the decoction in vivo,thus providing the basis for studying its mechanism of action.

Caracterización metabólica de pacientes pediátricos con sobrepeso y obesidad / Metabolic characterization of overweight and obese pediatric patients

Introducción: La obesidad afecta a niño y adultos, y se asocia con la aparición de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles, pero que se pueden presentar, incluso en edades tempranas de la vida. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, analítico de pacientes egresados del Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel y Hospital José Domingo de Obaldía, con diagnóstico de sobrepeso, obesidad; fueron estudiados 185 pacientes entre las edades de 2 a 15 años durante el periodo comprendido del 1 enero 2015 al 31 de diciembre del 2019. Resultados: Se encontró una frecuencia, en 5 años, de 4.6 pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad, por cada mil egresos hospitalarios. El 96% presentó obesidad y 4% sobrepeso. En individuos mayores de 10 años, 36.8% cumplían criterios de síndrome metabólico. Se encontró en las variables numéricas: IMC: 31.3Kg/m2, Insulina: 25.8uUI/ml, glucosa: 110.6mg/dl, HOMA: 6.1, dentro de este grupo se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la presión arterial sistólica / diastólica (p= 0.0002 / 0.0014), ALT (p=0.05), triglicéridos (p=0.0001), HDL (p= 0.0001). De los pacientes con síndrome metabólico 80% presentaban obesidad severa. En las variables categóricas se encontraron anormales: ALT 72.4%, colesterol 22.9%, triglicéridos 68.6% (OR=6, IC=2.4-14.97), LDL 28.6%, HDL 71.4% (OR:8.65, IC= 3.31-22.56), insulina 66.6%, glucosa 52.9% (OR= 7.87, IC= 2.78-22.27) y resistencia a insulina en 81.4%. El grupo de edad de prepúberes no está exento de presentar resistencia a la insulina. Conclusiones: En este estudio se encontró que las complicaciones metabólicas más significativas fueron hipertrigliceridemia, HDLc bajo e hipertensión arterial. La frecuencia encontrada está muy por debajo de lo reportado en la literatura. Es urgente el desarrollo de estrategias adecuadas de fomento de la salud, para promover cambios en los hábitos alimentarios y en la actividad física desde la edad infantil, con el objeto de formar conductas que permanezcan en el tiempo, como medidas preventivas de la obesidad y de sus complicaciones.

Introduction: Obesity affects children and adults, and is associated with the appearance of chronic diseases that are not communicable, but that can occur, even at an early age in life. Methods: Retrospective, analytical study of patients discharged from Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel and Hospital José Domingo de Obaldia, diagnosed with overweight, obesity; 185 patients between the ages of 2 to 15 years were studied during the period from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019. Results: A frequency, in 5 years, of 4.6 overweight and obese patients was found for every thousand hospital discharges. 96% presented obesity and 4% overweight. In individuals older than 10 years, 36.8% met criteria for metabolic syndrome. It was found in the numerical variables: BMI: 31.3Kg /m2, Insulin: 25.8µU /ml, glucose: 110.6mg / dl, HOMA: 6.1, within this group statistically significant differences were found in systolic / diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.0002 / 0.0014), ALT (p = 0.05), triglycerides (p = 0.0001), HDL (p = 0.0001). Of the patients with metabolic syndrome, 80% had severe obesity. In the categorical variables, abnormal: ALT 72.4%, cholesterol 22.9%, triglycerides 68.6% (OR = 6, CI = 2.4-14.97), LDL 28.6%, HDL 71.4% (OR: 8.65, CI = 3.31-22.56), insulin 66.6%, glucose 52.9% (OR = 7.87, CI = 2.78-22.27) and insulin resistance in 81.4%. The prepuberal age group is not exempt from insulin resistance. Conclusions: In this study it was found that the most significant metabolic complications were hypertriglyceridemia, low HDLc and arterial hypertension. The frequency found is well below that reported in the literature. The development of adequate health promotion strategies is urgent, to promote changes in eating habits and physical activity from childhood, to form behaviors that remain over time, as preventive measures for obesity and its complications.

Milk yield and composition in dairy cows with post-partum disorders / [Produção e composição do leite em vacas com desordens no pós-parto]

This study aimed to determine the impact of different post-partum disorders on milk yield and composition. One hundred and fifteen Holstein cows from a commercial dairy farm located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil were monitored up to 62 days post-partum. During this period, body condition score evaluation and animal clinical examination were conducted. Percentages of fat, protein, and lactose, as well as somatic cells score, were determined in milk samples. The AST activity and concentrations of NEFA, calcium, and BHBA, were analyzed in blood samples. The occurrence of clinical disorders was identified in 30 (26%) cows. Subclinical disorders were identified in 64 (56%) cows. Only 21 (18%) cows did not suffer any kind of disorder within the studied period. In this study, no significant differences were found in milk production, protein, and somatic cell count in clinical, subclinical, and healthy cows. Milk fat and the fat: protein quotient (F:P) were higher in cows with clinical disorders and the 6 to 21 days in milk, and lactose were lower in cows with clinical disorders and the 22 to 42 days in milk (P<0.05).(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o impacto de diferentes distúrbios após o parto na produção de leite e em sua composição. Cento e quinze vacas Holandesas de uma fazenda de gado leiteiro, localizada em estado da região Sul do Brasil, foram monitoradas até 62 dias após o parto. Durante esse período, foram realizadas avaliações do escore de condição corporal e exame clínico nos animais. As porcentagens de gordura, proteína e lactose, bem como o escore de células somáticas, foram determinadas nas amostras de leite. A atividade do AST e as concentrações de NEFA, cálcio e BHBA foram analisadas em amostras de sangue. A ocorrência de distúrbios clínicos foi identificada em 30 (26%) vacas, os distúrbios subclínicos foram identificados em 64 (56%) vacas. Apenas 21 (18%) vacas não sofreram nenhum tipo de distúrbio ao longo do período estudado. Neste estudo, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na produção do leite, proteína e na contagem de células somáticas em vacas com doenças clínicas, subclínicas e saudáveis. No leite, a gordura e o quociente gordura e proteína (G:P) foram maiores em vacas com doença clínica no período de seis a 21 dias de lactação, e a lactose foi menor em vacas com doença clínica no período de 22 a 42 dias de lactação (P<0,05).(AU)

Systemic changes caused by artificial insemination in beef cows (Bos indicus) and their impact on animal welfare / Alterações sistêmicas causadas pela inseminação artificial em vacas de corte (Bos indicus) e seu impacto no bem-estar animal

This study aimed to verify if the process of artificial insemination (AI) characterized here as animal immobilization, the passage of the semen applicator through the cervix, and deposition of the semen in the uterus, affected cows' welfare. For this, 18 beef calved cows were selected and divided into two groups: inseminated cows (AIG, n = 9), and not inseminated cows, the control group (CG, n = 9). Body condition score, uterus, and ovary evaluation were performed. Later, both groups were submitted into an estrus synchronization protocol and only the AIG group was inseminated. Blood components of urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, albumin, and total protein were measured 30 h before AI, and 4, 24, 48 and 168 h after AI. Statistical differences were considered when P <0.05. No differences between AIG and CG were observed. On the other hand, when the moment of insemination was evaluated, differences were observed for urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, NEFA, BHB, albumin, and total protein. There was an oscillation of metabolic profiles depending on the time and procedures to which animals were exposed, even though it could be inferred that the AI process was incapable of altering those metabolic components on animals that were inseminated. Still, we can affirm that artificial insemination cannot be categorized as a negative reproduction tool on animal welfare. However, the containment and management procedures for AI may alter the metabolic profile of cows, especially the increase of CK.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o processo de inseminação artificial (IA) caracterizado como imobilização do animal, passagem do aplicador de sêmen pelo colo do útero e deposição do sêmen no útero, afetou o bem-estar de bovinos. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 18 vacas de corte paridas, divididas em dois grupos: grupo de animais inseminados (AIG, n = 9) e grupo de animais não inseminados, grupo controle (GC, n = 9). Foram avaliados o escore de condição corporal, útero e ovário. Posteriormente, ambos os grupos foram submetidos a um protocolo de sincronização de cio e apenas o grupo AIG foi inseminado. Componentes metabólicos como ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterona, albumina e proteína total foram mensurados 30 horas antes da IA e 4, 24, 48 e 168 horas após a IA. Diferenças estatísticas foram consideradas quando P <0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os dois grupos, por outro lado, quando o momento da inseminação foi avaliado, diferenças foram observadas para ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, NEFA, BHB, albumina e proteína total. Houve uma variação dos perfis metabólicos em função do tempo e dos procedimentos que os animais foram submetidos, embora pode-se inferir que o processo de IA não foi capaz de alterar esses componentes metabólicos os animais inseminados. Ainda assim, observou-se que o processo de IA não foi categorizado como uma ferramenta negativa de reprodução com relação ao bem-estar animal. Porém, ainda assim, os procedimentos de contenção e manejo da IA podem alterar o perfil metabólico das vacas, principalmente o aumento da CK.(AU)

Blood serum stability limit and maximum storage time of bovine samples

Measuring metabolic parameters in the blood has been an indispensable tool for assessing the productive and health status of dairy cows for more than 100 years. The values of laboratory parameters depend on various preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical factors. The most important preanalytical factors are sample transport time and temperature, hemolysis, anticoagulant type, and sample volume. Preanalytical factors can lead to reduced stability of the analyte in the sample, which changes their concentration. Loss of stability changes the time of storage and manipulation of the sample, which determines the criteria for its acceptance or rejection. The two stability indicators are stability limit and maximum permissible instability. A stability limit (SL) is defined as the period of time in which a property variation does not exceed a maximum permissible instability (MPI). The aim of this study was to determine the SL and MPI for each analyte in the blood serum of cows and to determine whether SL differs in the function of the presence of preanalytical errors in the blood sample. Three hundred samples of dairy cow origin in different periods of lactation participated in this research. They were classified into 6 groups of 50 samples: according to the time from sampling to processing in the laboratory (0-4 h, 4-8 h and over 8 h; all transported on dry ice, protected from environmental factors, without preanalytical errors) and according to the presence of preanalytical errors (group with hemolysis, a group transported at ambient temperature and a group with a small sample volume). Each sample was aliquoted in two portions. One portion was left at +4°C and tested once a day for 6 days of sample storage, and the second portion, placed at -20°C, was tested once a month for 6 months. The MPI had a value ranging from 1.51 to 8.4. Metabolic profile analytes with lower MPI values (1.51-3.22) were albumin (ALB), total protein (TPROT), UREA, glucose (GLU), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Higher MPI values (5.1-8.4) were found for nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutirate (BHB), cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TGC), total bilirubin (TBIL) and aspartat aminotransferase (AST). For most parameters, we can conclude that their PD% changed faster in storage conditions at +4°C compared to the regime of -20°C. The largest number of biochemical analytes in bovine blood serum shows preserved stability in the first 6 days at +4°C or 6 months at -20°C if transported to the laboratory within 8 h after sampling in ideal conditions and without the action of preanalytical errors. Prolonged transport under ideal conditions or the existence of preanalytical errors such as transport at room temperature, hemolysis or small sample volume shorten the stability of the ALB, NEFA, GLU, UREA and P. Concentration of all analytes decreases during the stability test except for UREA, NEFA, BHB and for CHOL and TGC in some groups. Variations in parameters such as BHB, NEFA, TBIL, AST, and Ca have shown potential clinical significance. At storage conditions at +4°C, clinically significant variations at at least one measurement point were found for AST (7.5% of samples), BHB (6.1% of samples), NEFA (9.9% of samples) and for TBIL (in 7% of samples). This study can help define acceptable delay times and storage conditions for bovine blood samples, which is of great importance because in working with farm animals it is often not possible to take samples in a short time and deliver them to the laboratory, and samples are often burdened with certain preanalytical errors with limited possibilities of re-sampling.(AU)

Interrelationships between obesity, blood pressure and metabolic profile in climacteric women / Inter-relações entre obesidade, pressão arterial e perfil metabólico em mulheres climatéricas

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to evaluate the interrelationships between obesity, blood pressure and metabolic profile in climacteric women. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with a random sample of 874 women, aged 40 to 65 years, assisted in Family Health Strategies units in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A structural equation model was used to assess the interrelationships between obesity, blood pressure and metabolic profile, adjusted for age. The variables blood pressure, obesity and metabolic profile were treated as constructs, which measurement models were developed using confirmatory factor analysis. Results It was observed that age has a positive and significant effect on blood pressure (β=0.20; p<0.001) and obesity (β=0.10; p=0.004). There was a direct and positive effect of obesity on blood pressure (β=0.26; p<0.001) and on the metabolic profile (β=0.10; p=0.037), adjusted for physical activity. Conclusions The simultaneous analysis of the relationships between age, obesity, blood pressure and metabolic profile in menopausal women suggests that, ageing has an effect on the increase of obesity and blood pressure, just as obesity increases blood pressure and changes the metabolic profile.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar as inter-relações entre obesidade, pressão arterial e perfil metabólico em mulheres climatéricas. Métodos Trata-se de estudo transversal com amostra aleatória composta por 874 mulheres com idade entre 40 a 65 anos assistidas em unidades de Estratégias de Saúde da Família em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foi utilizado modelo de equação estrutural para avaliar as inter-relações entre obesidade, pressão arterial e perfil metabólico, ajustado pela idade. As variáveis pressão arterial, obesidade e perfil metabólico foram tratadas como construtos, cujos modelos de mensuração foram construídos utilizando-se a análise fatorial confirmatória. Resultados Observou-se que a idade exerce efeito positivo e significativo sobre a pressão arterial (β=0,20; p<0,001) e a obesidade (β=0,10; p=0,004). Houve efeito direto e positivo da obesidade na pressão arterial (β=0,26; p<0,001) e no perfil metabólico (β=0,10; p=0,037), ajustado por atividade física. Conclusão A análise simultânea das relações entre idade, obesidade, pressão arterial e perfil metabólico em mulheres no climatério sugere que o aumento da idade tem efeito sobre o aumento da obesidade e da pressão arterial, assim como a obesidade tem efeito positivo sobre o aumento da pressão arterial e sobre a alteração no perfil metabólico.

Reference values for biochemical analytes in feral sheep from Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico / [Valores de referência para analitos bioquímicos em carneiros selvagens na Ilha Socorro, Arquipélago de Revillagigedo, México]

To establish reference values for biochemical analytes related to freshwater shortage adaptation, a total of 376 blood samples were collected from feral sheep at Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago. Year-round variation was assessed by sampling at the beginning of each season defined by the March equinox, June solstice, September equinox, and December solstice. The resulting data set was analyzed using Gaussian distribution and descriptive statistics. Confidence intervals of 95% were established. Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean values of each season. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, albumin, total protein, sodium ion, anion gap, creatine kinase, arginine vasopressin, and aldosterone showed concentrations above the reference range for domestic sheep. Triglycerides, urea, albumin, sodium ion, and aldosterone showed concentrations within the reference range for domestic goats. Most biochemical analytes showed differences (P<0.05) between seasons, with the highest values occurring during winter, and the lowest during spring. Results could help improve the accuracy of metabolic profiles used as a tool for evaluating dehydration indicators, and to describe the physiological mechanisms employed by feral sheep to cope with seasonal availability of freshwater.(AU)

Para estabelecer valores de referência para analitos bioquímicos relacionados à adaptação da escassez de água doce, um total de 376 amostras de sangue foram coletadas de carneiros selvagens na ilha de Socorro, no arquipélago de Revillagigedo. A variação durante todo o ano foi avaliada por amostragem no início de cada estação definida pelo equinócio de março, solstício de junho, equinócio de setembro e solstício de dezembro. O conjunto de dados resultante foi analisado usando distribuição Gaussiana e estatística descritiva. Intervalos de confiança de 95% foram estabelecidos. A análise de variância foi usada para comparar os valores médios de cada estação. O colesterol total, triglicerídeos, ureia, albumina, proteína total, íon sódio, hiato aniônico, creatina quinase, arginina vasopressina e aldosterona apresentaram concentrações acima do intervalo de referência para carneiros domésticos. Triglicerídeos, ureia, albumina, íon sódio e aldosterona apresentaram concentrações dentro da faixa de referência para cabras domésticas. A maioria dos analitos bioquímicos apresentou diferenças (P<0,05) entre as estações, com os maiores valores ocorrendo no inverno e os menores na primavera. Os resultados podem ajudar a melhorar a precisão dos perfis metabólicos usados como uma ferramenta para avaliar os indicadores de desidratação e descrever os mecanismos fisiológicos empregados pelas carneiros selvagens para lidar com a disponibilidade sazonal de água doce.(AU)

Relationship of Serum Concentrations of Calcium, Beta-hydroxybutyrate and Glucose to the Occurrence of Mammary and Uterine Disorders during Early Lactation on Dairy Cattle / Relación entre la concentración sérica de calcio, beta-hidroxibutirato y glucosa y la ocurrencia de trastornos mamarios y uterinos durante la lactancia temprana en ganado lechero

Abstract This study aimed to relate the serum levels of energy indicators (glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate) and calcium to the occurrence of uterine and mammary diseases in the transition period of Holstein cows. One hundred and fifteen Holstein cows from a commercial herd were monitored starting one week before calving and during the first 2 weeks after calving. The presence of subclinical mastitis was monitored for 3 weeks postpartum using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell counting. Positive samples of subclinical mastitis were analyzed for bacterial identification. Clinical mastitis was monitored for 6 weeks postpartum, using data that were recorded by the farmer based on some established definitions. The presence of uterine disorders was identified for 3 weeks postpartum by clinical examination. Blood collections were made from all cows for determining calcium, glucose, and β-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB) the week before calving and twice during the postpartum (days 5 and 15 postpartum). A group of 70 healthy cows was used as control. Clinical mastitis was identified in 20% of the cows, subclinical mastitis in 10.4% and clinical metritis in 8.7% of the cows. The bacterial agents with the highest occurrence in subclinical mastitis cases were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. No relationships were observed between any of the biochemical metabolite studied and the uterine and mammary diseases in the cows during the studied period.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo por objetivo relacionar valores séricos de indicadores energéticos (glucosa y beta-hidroxibutirato) y calcio con la ocurrencia de trastornos uterinos y mamarios durante el periodo de transición en vacas holstein. Ciento quince vacas holstein de un rebaño comercial fueron monitoreadas en la semana previa al parto y durante las primeras dos semanas después del parto. La presencia de mastitis subclínica fue monitoreada por tres semanas posparto mediante la prueba de mastitis California (CMT) y conteo de células somáticas. Las muestras positivas a mastitis subclínica fueron analizadas para identificación bacteriana. La mastitis clínica fue monitoreada durante seis semanas posparto, usando datos registrados en el rebaño. La presencia de trastornos uterinos fue identificada durante tres semanas posparto mediante examen clínico. Se realizaron muestras de sangre de todas las vacas para determinar calcio, glucosa y β-hidroxibutirato la semana anterior al parto y dos veces en el posparto (días 5 y 15). Un grupo de 70 vacas sanas fue usado como control. Un 20% de las vacas presentó mastitis clínica, el 10,4% mastitis subclínica y el 8,7% metritis clínica. Los agentes bacterianos con mayor ocurrencia en los casos de mastitis subclínica fueron Staphylococcus coagulasa-negativos y Streptococcus. No se observó relación de ninguno de los metabolitos bioquímicos con los trastornos uterinos o mamarios en las vacas durante el periodo estudiado.

O tempo sentado está associado aos fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em adolescentes? / Is sitting time associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents?

O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre o tempo sentado e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em adolescentes. A amostra foi composta por 454 adolescentes (50,6% masculino) com idades entre 12 a 18 anos. O tempo diário despendido sentado e a prática de atividade física moderada-vigorosa foram avaliados por meio do recordatório de três dias de Bouchard. Os fatores de risco cardiometabólicos analisados foram: circunferência de cintura; glicose; HDL-C; triglicerídeos; e pressão arterial. Foi utilizada a análise de variância com dois fatores (sexo e quartis) para comparar os fatores de risco cardiometabólicos entre os quartis de tempo sentado. Para verificar a associação entre o tempo sentado e os fatores de risco cardiometabólicos foi empregado a regressão linear múltipla. Foi observado que os meninos pertencentes ao 4º quartil (maior tempo sentado) apresentaram valores mais elevados de glicose e triglicerídeos em comparação com seus pares com menos tempo. No sexo feminino, verificou-se que as pertencentes ao 3º e 4º quartil apresentaram maiores valores de triglicerídeos e glicose em comparação ao 1º quartil. Associações positivas e significativas foram observadas entre o tempo sentado e os valores de circunferência da cintura (ß = 0,093; p < 0,05), glicose (ß = 0,111; p < 0,05) e pressão arterial diastólica (ß = -0,115; p < 0,05) mesmo após o ajuste para a prática de atividade física moderada-vigorosa. De acordo com os achados do presente estudo, conclui-se que os adolescentes que permaneceram maior tempo sentado apresentaram maiores valores de glicose, triglicerídeos e escore de risco cardiometabólico em comparação aos que despenderam menos tempo

This study aimed to verify if there is an association between sitting time and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. The sample was composed of 454 adolescents (50.6% male) aged between 12 and 18 years. The time spent in sitting and physical activity were assessed through a record of three days by Bouchard. The following cardiometabolic risk factors were analyzed: waist circumference, glucose, HDL ­ cholesterol, tri-glycerides, and blood pressure. It was used the Two-way Analysis of Variance (sex and quartiles) to compare the cardiometabolic risk factors between the quartiles of sitting time. To verify the association between sitting time and cardiometabolic risk factors it was used the multivariate linear regression. Boys of the 4th quartile (higher sitting time) presented higher values of glucose and triglycerides compared to their peers with less time. Girls of the 3rd and 4th quartile presented higher triglycerides and glucose values, compared to the 1st quartile. Significant associations (p < 0.05) were observed between sitting time with waist circumference (ß = 0.093; p < 0.05), glucose (ß = 0.111; p < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (ß = 0.115; p < 0.05) even after the adjustment for the moderate to vigorous physical activity. According to the findings of this study, we concluded that adolescents who spent more sitting time had higher values of glucose, triglycerides and cardiometabolic risk score compared with who has less sitting time

Effect of Lidan Ruanjian Prescription on Lipid-lowering and Antiobesity andMetabolic Profile of Bile Acid / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the pharmacodynamics effects of antiobesity, lipid-lowering and the regulations of serum bile acid profiles of Lidan Ruanjian prescription (LDRJ) in obesity rats induced by high-fat diet. Method:The 42 rats were fed high-fat diet for 9 weeks to establish model of obese rats，24 rats were randomly divided into model group, high and low-dose LDRJ group (30,15 g·kg-1). Another 8 normal rats were selected as the normal group.The model group and normal group were given normal saline, and drug group was given the corresponding dose of drug for 4 weeks. Body weight, liver weight, white adipose tissue (WAT) weight were determined after administration medicine for 4 weeks. The bile flow of the rats was measured by bile duct intubation and fasting serum lipid levels of total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay was used to test serum bile acid profile of each group rats. Result:Compared with the control group, the average body weight, liver weight, WAT weight of the model group were significantly increased (P<0.01), while the fasting serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels were elevated (P<0.05，P<0.01). The total bile secretion and bile flow at each test point within 2 h were decreased and the proportion of primary bile acids was decreased (P<0.05).The serum total bile acid content decreased significantly（P<0.01），levels of cholic acid (CA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) were significantly reduced (P<0.05，P<0.01). Compare with model group, body weight, liver weight in high and low-dose LDRJ groups reduced significantly(P<0.05，P<0.01). Fasting serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels were decreased in high-dose group(P<0.05，P<0.01), so did as TG levels in low-dose group(P<0.05). The bile flow rate increased significantly in high-dose group 1~1.5 h after administration (P<0.05). All dose treatment groups increased the proportion of primary bile acids (P<0.05) and changed the bile acid profile, especially elevated the bile acid levels of TCA, DCA, glycocholic acid (GCA), GDCA in high-dose LDRJ group (P<0.05，P<0.01), while TCA and TCDCA in low-dose group (P<0.05). Conclusion:LDRJ has significant lipid-lowering and antiobesity effects and the mechanism might involve the increase of bile secretion, the stimulation of primary bile acid synthesis and the regulation of bile acid profile.

Perfiles de utilización de sustratos carbonados de Cladorrhinum (Ascomycota) / Carbon-substrate utilization profiles by Cladorrhinum (Ascomycota)

Abstract Fungi from the genus Cladorrhinum (Ascomycota) are promising agents in the biocontrol of phytopathogens, in the promotion of plant growth, and in the production of enzymes with technological application. We analyzed comparatively the ability of 5 native strains of Cladorrhinum samala and Cladorrhinum bulbillosum with reference strains belonging to the same genus. We used 95 individual carbon sources available in microplates from the Biolog® FF system. Although most of the strains mainly used soluble carbohydrates, the metabolic profile was highly dependent upon each isolate and it revealed intraspecific physiological variability in Cladorrhinum species.

Resumen Los hongos del género Cladorrhinum (Ascomycota) son agentes prometedores en el biocontrol de fitopatógenos, la promoción del crecimiento de las plantas y la producción de enzimas con aplicación tecnológica. En este trabajo se analizaron comparativamente las habilidades de 5 cepas nativas pertenecientes a las especies Cladorrhinum samala y Cladorrhinum bulbillosum con cepas de referencia del mismo género. Se usaron 95 fuentes individuales de carbono, disponibles en microplacas de Biolog® FF system. Aunque la mayoría de las cepas utilizaron principalmente carbohidratos solubles, el perfil metabólico fue altamente dependiente de cada aislamiento y reveló variabilidad fisiológica intraespecífica en las especies de Cladorrhinum.

Biochemical, endocrine, and histopathological profile of liver and kidneys of sheep with pregnancy toxemia / Perfil bioquímico, endócrino e histopatológico do fígado e rins de ovelhas com toxemia na prenhez

The objective of the present study was to characterize the biochemical, hormonal, and mineral profile, and histopathology of the liver and kidneys, related to the severity of natural cases of pregnancy toxemia (PT) in sheep. A total of 45 sheep with PT were analyzed at the "Clínica de Bovinos", Campus Garanhuns-UFRPE. The animals were submitted to clinical examination, followed by the collection of blood and urine. A necropsy was performed on thirteen animals that died and a histopathological examination was performed on samples of liver and kidneys. Increased creatinine, urea, glucose, fructosamine, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, cortisol, chlorine, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and folic acid were found, whereas insulin, potassium, and total and ionizable calcium presented low values for the species. Total protein, albumin, globulin, sodium, magnesium, and vitamin B12 remained within the normal range. In the macroscopic analysis of the liver, it was possible to observe an increase in organ and border size, yellowish coloration and parenchyma that varied from firm to friable. Vacuolation of the hepatocytes and renal tubular cells was observed. Metabolic disorders in sheep associated with hepatic and renal lesions are more apparent in overweight animals. With the greater impairment in hepatic and renal function, the clinical prognosis of animals with a high body score should be considered reserved.(AU)

Objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil bioquímico, hormonal, mineral e a histopatologia hepática e renal, relacionando com a severidade de casos naturais de toxemia da prenhez (TP) em ovelhas. Analisou-se 45 ovelhas na Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns-UFRPE, com TP. Foram submetidas ao exame clínico, seguido de coleta de sangue e urina. Treze animais que vieram a óbito foram necropsiados, nas amostras de fígado e rins realizou-se exame histopatológico. Revelou-se elevação de creatinina, ureia, glicose, frutosamina, ácidos graxos não esterificados, β-hidroxibutirato, cortisol, cloro, amilase, aspartato aminotransferase, gama glutamiltransferase e ácido fólico, enquanto insulina, potássio, cálcio total e ionizável apresentaram valores abaixo para os da espécie. A proteína total, albumina, globulina, sódio, magnésio e vitamina B12 mantiveram-se dentro da normalidade. Na análise macroscópica do fígado, pôde-se observar aumento de tamanho do órgão e dos bordos, coloração amarelada e parênquima que variava de firme a friável. Observou-se vacuolização dos hepatócitos e das células tubulares renais. Os transtornos metabólicos nas ovelhas associados às lesões hepáticas e renais são mais aparentes nos animais com sobrepeso. Com o maior comprometimento da função hepática e renal, o prognóstico clínico dos animais com escore corporal elevado há de ser considerado reservado.(AU)

Efeito da redução de peso em pacientes submetidos à técnica do Bypass Gástrico em Y-de-Roux / Effects of weight reduction in patients submitted to the technique of Gastric Bypass in Y-en-Roux

Objetivo Identifi car o impacto da cirurgia bariátrica sobre o perfi l metabólico de indivíduos submetidos ao Bypass Gástrico em Y-de Roux. Métodos Análise retrospectiva do período pré- e pós-operatório de cinquenta e três pacientes submetidos à técnica cirúrgica Bypass Gástrico em Y-de-Roux, com idade entre 18 e 63 anos, atendidos em um Centro de Saúde Preventiva do Município de Curitiba, Paraná. Foram coletados dados antropométricos e laboratoriais de Low Density Lipoproteins, High Density Lipoproteins, triglicérides, glicose de jejum e insulina de jejum no período pré- e pós-operatório (6 meses, 12 meses e 24 meses) de prontuários médicos. Resultados Entre os pacientes, 94,34% (n=50) eram mulheres com idade média de 45,04±9,17 anos. Foi observada redução significativa do peso e índice de massa corporal, assim como concentrações inferiores de glicose sérica. O colesterol total (192,19±38,66 vs 162,38±30,42, p=<0,05), low density lipoproteins (119,81±31,68 vs 95,10±22,77), e Triglicérides (153,11±84,10 vs 80,64±35,52, p<0,01) quando comparados os períodos pré-operatório e pós-operatório (24 meses). No pós-operatório de 24 meses foi observada remissão da hipertensão arterial, diabetes Mellitus e dislipidemia, sendo a obesidade mais comum no pós-operatório de 2 anos estando presente em 21,00% dos pacientes. Conclusão O Bypass Gástrico em Y-de-Roux mostrou ser um procedimento eficaz na melhora do perfil metabólico de indivíduos com obesidade mórbida, com resultados consistent

Objective To identify the impact of bariatric surgery on the metabolic profile of individuals submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Methods Retrospective analysis of the pre and postoperative period of 53 patients submitted to the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgical technique, aged 18 to 63 years, attended at a Preventive Health Center of the Municipality of Curitiba, Paraná. Anthropometric and laboratory data Low Density Lipoproteins, High Density Lipoprotein, triglycerides, fasting glucose and fasting insulin were collected in the pre and postoperative period (6 months, 12 months and 24 months) of medical records. Results Among the patients, 94.34% (n=50) were women with a mean age of 45.04±9.17 years. A significant reduction in body weight and body mass index was observed, as well as lower serum glucose concentrations. Total cholesterol (192.19±38.66 vs 162.38±30.42, p=<0.05), Low Density Lipoproteins (119.81±31.68 vs 95.10±22.77), and triglycerides (153.11±84.10 vs 80.64±35.52, p<0.01) when comparing the preoperative and postoperative periods (24 months). In the 24-month postoperative period, remission of arterial hypertension, diabetes Mellitus and dyslipidemia was observed, with obesity being more common in the postoperative period of 2 years and being present in 21.00% of the patients Conclusion Roux-en-Y gastric bypass has been shown to be an effective procedure in improving the metabolic profile of morbidly obese individuals, with consistent results in weight loss and remission of major comorbidities associated with obesity

Effects of exercise on cations/anions in blood serum of English Thoroughbred horses / Efeito do exercício sobre cátions/ânions em soro sanguíneo de equinos da raça Puro-Sangue-Inglês

English Thoroughbred horses, are widespread in Mexico and due to the lack of data on their exercise physiology, it is important to conduct exercise tests in order to obtain information the effects of exercise on more essential cations/anions in blood serum, as these horses are submitted to constant efforts. The study was carried out with 150 blood samples of English Thoroughbred horses clinically healthy. The blood sample collection was performed during three periods: 1) rest, 2) 30min after exercise (speed race of 12km/h for 30min with no rest) and 3) 60min after exercise. Mean values were calculated for cations (sodium and potassium) and anions (chloride and bicarbonate). The resulting data set was analyzed using Gaussian distribution and descriptive statistics. Confidence intervals of 95% were established. The linear relationships between ions were quantified, and an analysis of variance was performed to compare the mean values between groups. The concentrations of the described analytes are consistent with values reported by international literature. The comparison between groups, revealed that during exercise, sodium ion did not show changes 30min after exercise and increase 60min after. Potassium ion showed increase 30min after exercise and decrease 60min after. Chloride ion showed a decrease 30min after exercise, to recover gradually 60min after. Meanwhile, bicarbonate ion showed increase 30min after exercise, decreasing slightly in the final stage. Negative correlation between bicarbonate ion and chloride ion were determined. It was concluded that exercise tests are useful for the determination of acid-base balance and osmotic balance, and their main role is to evaluate the athletic ability of horses.Considering that chloride ion excretion and metabolic adjustments of potassium ion and bicarbonate ion are superior to water loss, compared to the normal osmolarity of blood serum. The results found can be used to structure an adequate replacement program of electrolytes lost in sweat.(AU)

Equinos da raça Puro-Sangue-Inglês são difundidos no México e, devido à falta de dados sobre sua fisiologia do exercício, é importante fazer testes de exercício para obter informações sobre os efeitos do exercício em cátions/ânions mais essenciais no soro do sangue, pois esses equinos são submetidos a esforços constantes. O estudo foi realizado com 150 amostras de sangue de equinos Puro-Sangue-Inglês, clinicamente saudáveis. A coleta de sangue foi realizada em três períodos: 1) descanso, 2) 30min após o exercício (corrida de velocidade de 12km/h por 30min, sem descanso) e 3) 60min após o exercício. Os valores médios foram calculados para cátions (sódio e potássio) e ânions (cloreto e bicarbonato). O conjunto de dados resultante foi analisado utilizando-se distribuição gaussiana e estatística descritiva. Intervalos de confiança de 95% foram estabelecidos. As relações lineares entre os íons foram quantificadas, e uma análise de variância foi realizada para se compararem os valores médios entre grupos. As concentrações dos analitos descritos são consistentes com os valores relatados na literatura internacional. A comparação entre os grupos revelou que, durante o exercício, o sódio íon não mostrou alterações 30min após o exercício e aumentou 60min após. O potássio íon mostrou aumento 30min após o exercício e diminuiu 60min após. O cloreto íon mostrou uma diminuição 30min após o exercício, para recuperar gradualmente 60min depois. O bicarbonato íon mostrou aumento 30min após o exercício, diminuindo ligeiramente no estágio final. Correlação negativa entre bicarbonato íon e cloreto íon foi encontrada. Concluiu-se que os testes de exercício são úteis para a determinação do equilíbrio ácido-base e do equilíbrio osmótico, e seu principal papel é avaliar a capacidade atlética dos equinos. Considerando-se que a excreção de cloro íon e ajustes metabólicos de potássio íon e bicarbonato íon são superiores à perda de água, comparada à osmolaridade normal do soro sanguíneo,os resultados encontrados podem ser usados para estruturar um programa adequado de reposição de eletrólitos perdidos no suor.(AU)

Metabonomic study of metformin in type II diabetic rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the mechanism of metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetic melitus (T2DM) rats. Methods Rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group and metformin group with 10 rats in each group. Four weeks after induction with HFSD, 35 mg 'kg-1 STZ was injected intramuscularly, and the experiment was completed after 8 weeks of administration. UPLC/ESI-TOF-MS was used to study the effects of metformin on metabolites in serum of T2DM rats, and qPCR was used to find its target. Results Compared with normal group, the body weight, pancreatic index and insulin level in model group decreased significantly (P < 0. 05) , liver index, GLU, TC, TG and FFA levels increased significantly (P < 0.01), OGTT was significantly impaired, while met-formin could significantly increase body weight, pancreatic index and insulin level (P <0. 05) , reduce liver index, GLU, TC, TG and FFA levels (P < 0. 05) , and improve OGTT. After metahonomics, 17 biomark-ers were obtained. After verification, metformin was found to regulate the synthesis and metabolism of cholesterol, fatty acids, bile acids and phospholipids. Conclusions Metformin can improve the lipid metabolism disorder of T2DM by regulating the synthesis and metabolism of cholesterol, fatty acids, bile acids and phospholipids.

Clinical presentations of diabetes in children attending the paediatric ward in the medical institute: a cross sectional study

Background: By 2025, India due to its immense population size and high diabetes prevalence will contribute about 57 million diabetics. Hence the aim of the present study was clinical presentations of diabetes in children attending the paediatric ward in the medical institute.Methods: Total of 50 cases were included in the study. All the children who were less than age of 18years and also diagnosed with diabetes that is fasting blood sugar >126mg/dl or random blood sugar level > 200 mg/dl were included in the study. A detailed clinical examination of the child was carried out with detailed anthropometric measurements. Metabolic profile was done by investigating for the following. Fasting blood sugar, post prandial blood sugar, glycoslated haemoglobin.Results: The various ranges of fasting blood sugar were as follows: 25% were in the range of 130-200mg/dl, 35% in 200-300 mg/dl, 25% in 300-400mg/dl and 15% had more than 400 mg/dl fasting blood sugar levels. The various ranges of post prandial blood sugar were as follows: 16% were in the range of 200 - 300mg/dl, 40% in 300-400mg/dl, 44% had more than 400 mg/dl post prandial blood sugar levels. In the present study lipid profile of all the children was analysed by their serum cholesterol and triglycerides.Conclusions: A total of 50 diabetic children of age less than 18 years attending medical Hospital were studied using a predesigned and pretested proforma. Information was collected on socio-demographic, dietary intake, treatment and compliance history. Detailed clinical examination done and anthropometric measurements were taken. Metabolic profile was done by investigating for blood sugar levels, glycoslated haemoglobin and lipid profile. In the present study 46% had onset of diabetes mellitus at 15 to 18 years age group with male to female ratio of 1.26:1.

Chemical fingerprinting and similarity analysis of Lonicera japonica resources / 中国中药杂志

LC-MS was used to detect 41 population of Lonicera japonica from different areas. LC-MS chemical chromatographic profile has been established. There were 23 common peaks, seventeen of which were identified according to reference standard and reference; SPSS software was applied to calculate the similarity of chemical fingerprints of 41 batches and the range was from 0.99 to 0.12. On this basis, the L. japonica's metabolites consistency was classified. Combined with comprehensive analysis of genetic identity, we can provide a theoretical basis for the authenticity research of Dao-di herbs and reference information for the breeding of excellent L. japonica.

Reference values for biochemical analytes in Mexican dairy farms: interactions and adjustments between production groups / Valores de referência para analitos bioquímicos em rebanhos leiteiros mexicanos: interações e ajustes entre grupos de produção

Blood samples of 189 healthy Holstein cows classified as high-producers, low-producers, or dry cows, were collected with the purpose of establishing reference values for several biochemical analytes in Mexican dairy farms. Mean values were calculated for: 1) Energy profile: glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, ß-hydroxybutyrate, and non-esterified fatty acids, 2) Protein profile: urea, albumin, globulin, and total protein, 3) Mineral profile: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and anion gap, and 4) Hepatic enzyme: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. The resulting data set was analyzed using Gaussian distribution and descriptive statistics. Confidence intervals of 95% were established. The linear relationships between the biochemical analytes were quantified, and an analysis of variance was performed to compare the mean values between the three production groups. The overall concentrations of the described analytes are consistent with values reported by international literature. However, lower values were found for urea, calcium, and sodium; higher values were found for cholesterol, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Negative correlations were found between ß-hydroxybutyrate and glucose or urea, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and urea, and bicarbonate and urea or phosphorus or anion gap. Positive correlations were found between ß-hydroxybutyrate and cholesterol or anion gap, non-esterified fatty acids and anion gap, cholesterol and globulin, different analytes of mineral profile and anion gap or urea or glucose, and between sodium and calcium. Differences among the three production groups were observed for ß-hydroxybutyrate and cholesterol concentrations. The γ-glutamyl transpeptidase concentration was similar in high and low-producing cows but was higher in comparison to serum levels of dry cows. Calcium showed differences between high-producing cows and the other two groups, and sodium showed the highest concentration in dry cows. The outcomes of this work improve the accuracy of the metabolic profiles as a tool for assessing the nutritional and health status of dairy cows.

As amostras de sangue de 189 vacas da raça Holandesa clinicamente saudáveis, classificadas em alta produção, baixa produção ou vacas secas, foram coletadas com a finalidade de se estabelecerem valores de referência para vários analitos bioquímicos em rebanhos leiteiros mexicanos. Os valores médios foram calculados para: 1) perfil energético: glicose, colesterol, triglicerídeos, ß-hidroxibutirato, e ácidos graxos não esterificados, 2) perfil proteico: ureia, albumina, globulina e proteínas totais, 3) perfil mineral: cálcio, fósforo, sódio, potássio, magnésio, cloro, dióxido de carbono, bicarbonato e hiato aniônico, e 4) enzima hepática: γ-glutamil transpeptidase. O conjunto de dados resultante foi analisado utilizando-se distribuição gaussiana e estatística descritiva. Intervalos de confiança de 95% foram estabelecidos. As relações lineares entre os analitos bioquímicos foram quantificadas, e uma análise de variância foi realizada para se compararem os valores médios entre os três grupos de produção. As concentrações totais dos analitos descritos são consistentes com os valores relatados na literatura internacional. No entanto, os valores mais baixos foram encontrados para a ureia, o cálcio e o sódio; os valores mais elevados foram encontrados para o colesterol e o γ-glutamil transpeptidase. Correlações negativas foram encontradas entre ß-hidroxibutirato e glicose ou ureia, γ-glutamil transpeptidase e ureia, e entre bicarbonato e ureia ou fósforo ou hiato aniônico. Foram encontradas correlações positivas entre ß-hidroxibutirato e colesterol ou hiato aniônico, ácidos graxos não esterificados e hiato aniônico, colesterol e globulina, diferentes analitos de perfil mineral e hiato aniônico ou ureia ou glicose, e entre sódio e cálcio. As diferenças entre os três grupos de produção foram observadas para as concentrações de ß-hidroxibutirato e de colesterol. A concentração γ-glutamil transpeptidase foi semelhante em vacas de alta e baixa produção, mas foi maior em comparação com os níveis séricos de vacas secas. O cálcio mostrou diferenças entre vacas de alta produção e os outros dois grupos, e o sódio apresentou a maior concentração em vacas secas. Os resultados deste trabalho podem melhorar a precisão dos perfis metabólicos como uma ferramenta para avaliar o estado nutricional e de saúde das vacas leiteiras.

Low glycemic index diet reduces body fat and attenuates inflammatory and metabolic responses in patients with type 2 diabetes

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to verify the effects of glycemic index (GI) on body composition, and on inflammatory and metabolic markers concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Subjects and methods In this randomized controlled parallel trial, twenty subjects (aged 42.4 ± 5.1 years, BMI 29.2 ± 4.8 kg.m-2) were allocated to low GI (LGI) (n = 10) or high GI (HGI) (n = 10) groups. Body composition, inflammatory and metabolic markers were assessed at baseline and after 30 days of intervention. Food intake was monitored during the study using three-day food records completed on two non-consecutive weekdays and on a weekend day. Results Body fat reduced after the LGI intervention compared with baseline (P = 0.043) and with the HGI group (P = 0.036). Serum fructosamine concentration (P = 0.031) and TNF-α mRNA expression (P = 0.05) increased in the HGI group. Serum non-esterified fatty acids were greater in the HGI than in the LGI group (P = 0.032). IL-6 mRNA expression tended to decrease after the consumption of the LGI diet compared to baseline (P = 0.06). Conclusion The LGI diet reduced body fat and prevented the negative metabolic and inflammatory responses induced by the HGI diet.